This point is accompanied with the benefit of less toxicity or no toxicity with NE as surfactant concentration is very low theoretically as compared to ME. NE, as described earlier, is mainly manufactured using low surfactant concentrations making it necessary to apply external shear for generation of nanosize droplets as spontaneous formation is not possible at low surfactant concentrations. Gibbs free energy change in NE is positive which necessiates external energy application during NE manufacturing. Kinetic stability is one of the most important properties of NE which can result into formation of more stable formulation for pharmaceutical drug delivery. However, external application of considerable energy reduces the size of macroemulsion into nanoscale making them more kinetically stable. NEs are formed using lower surfactant concentration which makes it prone to thermodynamic instability. NEs have number of sensible properties including optical clarity with simplest method of preparation, nanosized droplets giving increased surface area and ultimately effective drug release. Due to the unique properties of NE which are highly useful in drug delivery, these are one of the prime nanocarriers in pharmaceutical field. The structure generated as a result of orientation of surfactant molecules attributes NE with exceptional properties. NE is biphasic mixture comprising of oil and aqueous phase stabilized by surfactant molecules. Thakore, in Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Drug Delivery, 2018 29.2 Properties of nanoemulsion
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